Dementia

Dementia is a collective term for a decline in cognitive function that interferes with daily life. It is not a single disease but a syndrome caused by various brain disorders. Dementia predominantly affects memory, thinking, reasoning, language, and problem-solving abilities.

Causes

Dementia results from damage to brain cells, hindering their ability to communicate. The common causes include:

• Alzheimer’s Disease: The most common cause, involving abnormal protein buildup (amyloid plaques and tau tangles).
• Vascular Dementia: Results from reduced blood flow to the brain, often due to stroke or heart disease.
• Lewy Body Dementia: Caused by abnormal deposits of alpha-synuclein protein.
• Frontotemporal Dementia: Affects the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain, often linked to genetic mutations.
• Other Causes: Infections like HIV, head injuries, brain tumors, and chronic substance abuse.

Symptoms

• Memory loss (especially short-term).
• Difficulty in communication or finding words.
• Impaired judgment and problem-solving.
• Behavioral changes, such as aggression or depression.
• Confusion and disorientation, particularly in later stages.

Treatment:

While there is no cure for most types of dementia, treatments aim to slow progression and manage symptoms:

• Medications:
  Cholinesterase inhibitors (e.g., donepezil) for Alzheimer’s.
  Memantine to regulate glutamate.
• Lifestyle Modifications: Healthy diet, exercise, and mental stimulation.
• Therapies: Cognitive stimulation, occupational therapy, and counseling.
• Supportive Care: Providing a structured, safe environment and caregiver support.