Myasthenia

Myasthenia Gravis (MG) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that disrupts communication between nerves and muscles, leading to muscle weakness. The condition arises due to the immune system producing antibodies that block or destroy acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction, preventing efficient muscle contraction.

Causes

The exact cause of MG is not fully understood, but it involves a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Common triggers include:

• Autoimmune Dysfunction: Most cases are caused by antibodies against acetylcholine receptors or associated proteins.
• Thymus Abnormalities: Enlargement or tumors in the thymus gland (thymomas) are linked to MG.
• Genetic Predisposition: A family history of autoimmune diseases may increase risk.
• Medications or Stress: Certain drugs (e.g., beta-blockers, aminoglycosides) or stressors may exacerbate symptoms.

Symptoms

Symptoms vary in severity and commonly worsen with activity and improve with rest. Key features include:

• Muscle weakness affecting the eyes (ptosis, double vision).
• Difficulty speaking, chewing, swallowing, or breathing (in severe cases).
• Weakness in arms, legs, or neck muscles, leading to fatigue during routine activities.

Treatment:

• Medications:
  Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (e.g., pyridostigmine) enhance nerve-muscle communication.
  Immunosuppressants (e.g., corticosteroids, azathioprine) reduce abnormal immune responses.
• Thymectomy: Surgical removal of the thymus gland, particularly if a thymoma is present.
• Plasmapheresis and Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG): Used during severe crises to remove or neutralize antibodies.
• Lifestyle Modifications: Regular rest, avoiding overexertion, and managing stress are essential.